技巧：看畫線部分或畫線前後是否有對等連接詞. 技巧：畫線部分有BE，看BE前後是否有N. ，看畫線前後是否有BE.
*Ving 前若要有主詞，要用所有格 ex His + Ving（所有格優先用名詞，若無名詞才用Ving）
*to V 前若要有主詞，要用 for + N + to V
*be動詞 平衡前後 N，但若 介+N 則為adj，不用管平衡。 ex John is trouble≠John is in trouble
*be動詞 平衡時，若一邊的名詞有指定(the N), 另一邊也要指定.
* ___ that ___ and that ___
* to V ... and (to) V （to很常被省略掉）
* ...and....and... 出現兩個以上的and時要從句意去判斷如何平衡
* 肯定句：and ex we saw you and your sister.
否定句：or ex No one saw you or your sister. He did not speak loudly or clearly.
Seldom 是否定句的用詞
題（OG Sample44）
_____ the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent.
A) Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged widerness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected
B) Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged widerness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected
C) It was seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, and ran 363 miles across the rugged widerness of upstate New York, but the Erie Canal, connecting
E) The Erie Canal, seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, connecting
Ans: B（有主詞沒有動詞 → 刪CE; (A)錯在but it ran 和 and）
* as well as（補充資料來源）
- as well as 不是對等連接詞 (i.e. as well as 不等於 and！）
- as well as 的正確詞性是
(1)從屬連接詞
(2)介係詞 ，也就是 as well as 在逗點後面(i.e.附屬結構)的標準用法是當介係詞。
換句話說
- as well as 無法用在"動詞"上的對稱，因為它並"非正統的對等連接詞"
- 所以一般來說是不可能會出現 V1. as well as V2
但是可用在"名詞"上的對稱 N1. as well as N2. (但焦點在於N1)
- as well as 可做為介系詞，這時候判斷準則就是"是否有逗號在as well as之前"
題（PP T2 Q90）
Diesel engines burn as much as 30% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have been implicated in global warming.
A) of comparable size , as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses that have
B) of comparable size, as well as emit far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gasses having
C) of comparable size, and also they emit far fewer carbon dioxide and other gasses that have
D) that have a comparable size, and also they emit far fewer of the other gasses having
E) that have a comparable size, as well as emitting far fewer of the other gasses having
Ans: A
(A) 是對的. 1. emitting 的主詞是 Diesel engines, 2. that = gases
(B) 1. as well as 是介係詞,自然不能接動詞
2. having 可能修飾 gases, 也可能修飾 carbon dioxide gas and ...gases
(C) carbon dioxide 不可數,要用 less
(D) (E) 改變句意 (carbon dioxide 不見了) ；用of 比 that have 簡潔
比較
*對比句不能用；分開
* not ★, but rather ☆
題（OG11 SC87）
The energy source on Voyage 2 is not nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken _____ a kind of nuclear battery that uses natrual radioactive decay to produce power.
A) apart; rather
B) apart, but rather
C) apart, but rather that of
D) apart, but that of
E) apart; it is that of
Ans：B
* not ★ but ☆（前後要對稱）
題（OV SC4）
The voluminous personal papers of Thomas reveal that his inventions typically ____ from previous works.
A) sprang to life not in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly
C) did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly
E) did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but they were slowly evolved
Ans: C
* not ... nor ...
題（PP T1 Q37）
One report concludes that many schools do not have, or likely to have, enough computers to use them effectively.
A）or
B）nor
C）or are
D）nor are they
E）nor are not
Ans: D（be likely to）
*比較要同類：★☆要同類；硬梆梆比較、嚴格
- like+ 名詞
As + 子句
＝ just as = even as
- like ★, ☆ + V
★ is like ☆
★ like ☆, V
- prefer ★ to ☆
*As
- the same to ★ as to ☆
= the same to someone......as to a person
- 同級比較as ... as ...
不相同時用not as/so......as
* not so much as: 只用在否定句 ，所以前面一定有not，所以沒有 so much as 這個片語
題（OG11 SC30）
An inventory equal to 90 days sales is ____ the strongest business carry.
A) as much as even
B) so much as even
C) even so much as
D) even as much that
E) even so much that
Ans：A（註：even 放在離他要修飾的字的最近的地方）
- not so much that .... as that
題（PP SC2）
According to one expert, _____ as that the breeds have relatively few founding members.
A) the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria
B) the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not as much their being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as much
C) it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog that they are being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as much
D) it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is their being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria so much
E) it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog to be bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria
Ans：A
B- not so much their ... as much as that 不平行
C- not so much ... as much as that 不平行
D- not so much ... so much as that 不平行；同時多了一個is
E- to meet 的主詞是dogs，句意錯（主詞應是dogs are being bred）
*Unlike ___
= In contrast to ___ ........(O)
As contrast with ___ ... 錯誤用法!
= In comparison with ★, ☆ + V
Unlike = Contrary to = As opposed to （除unlike外，其餘兩者不需硬梆梆比）
題（OG11 SC16）
_____, the yellow jaclet can sting repeatedly without dying.
A) As contrasted with the honeybee
B) In contrast to the honeybee's
C) Unlike the sting of the honeybee
D) Unlike that of the honeybee
E) Unlike the honeybee
Ans: E
- compare ★ with ☆（★☆同類）
- compare ★ to ☆（★☆不同類）
= liken ★ to ☆ ex Someone likened his voice to the hum of bees.
- A is compared with B 用被動！ex A ratio in 1997 is compared with a ratio in 1998.
除了「我」叫你去比較 ex Compare this with that, and you will see which is better.
*比較要將自身除外, 常用 any other. 但若已限定住，則不加。
- any other + 單數N.
- all the other + 複數N.
* more
- ★ more than ☆,
題（GWD Q7 ）
A recent review of pay scales indicates _____ in 1980.
A) that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times
B) that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times
C) that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
D) CEO’s who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
E) CEO’s now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times
Ans: C（indicate that → 刪DE; (A) pay跟blue-collar比，比較錯誤; ratio不會自己量好，是人去量出ratio，所以動詞是被動）
-more as ...... (X)
more than.....(O)
題（OG11 SC2）
Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, _____ the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.
A) maybe none is more concentrated as
E) perhaps none was more concentrated than
Ans: E
- more ___ (NEW) ___ than not (省略OLD)
- more often than not 多半
- ★ no more ___ than ☆ ex You are no more honest than he (is honest).
= ★ not ___ any more than ☆. ★和☆一樣不 ~ .
- ★ not more ___ than ☆
= ★ not ___ as ☆. ★不比☆ ___ .
- 若★☆為N，則用more of ★ ex He is more of a scholar than a poet.
* 至少比較大
- as large as or larger than
- at least as large as
題（PP SC6）
* less 可以作定量詞 +of+N （N：限定接單數名詞或不可數名詞）
也就是 less of 的 less 是當名詞用！
less of a commitment
= a smaller commitment 所以這兩種用法都是一樣的！
雖然說平時當形容詞用時
- less, little, much 接不可數名詞
- many, fewer 接可數名詞
- lessen (v) (=reduce) to become smaller in size, importance, or value, or make something do this
簡單說就是和 less 意思不同
題（PP T2 Q25）
There is a widespread belief in the United States and Western Europe that young people have a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and that the source of the change lies in the collapse of the "work ethic."
(A) a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(B) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(C) a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their parents and grandparents
(D) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had
(E) a lessening of the commitment to work and a career that their parents and grandparents had
Ans：D
(D)中使用 had 表示過去時間，句意是：
「現在」young people have less of a commitment to work and a career 和
「過去」their parents and grandparents had have less of a commitment to work and a career 相比
(E) Lessening 是分詞作形容詞用，和 less 意思不同，改變句意
*The 比較級 + S + V, the 比較級 + S + V.
句意清楚時可省S＆V ex The higher, the colder.
數字
* number of 特定數量
numbers of 許多群眾、一大群人 ex Numbers of people came to the hearing.
題（OV SC5）
A study states that ____ in the past decades.
B) numbers of women employed outside the home grew more than 35%
D) number of women employed outside the home increased more than 35%
Ans: D
* figure
- figure: 0~9
- fugures: 10 以上
- figure for
題（OG11 SC4）
A survey showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers. alamost 9% of the nation's clergy, _____.
B) twice as many as 1977
C) double what it was in 1977
D) double the figure for 1977
E) a number double that of 1977's
Ans: D（B: as many as in 1977; C: what 指誰? E: that指誰?若指number則wordy）
*
例：
Her income is double the national average.
They sold the house for treble the amount they paid for it.
I've lived here half my life.
Half the boys are already here
He earns treble my salary.
I am double your age.
題（OG11 SC71）
The camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, _____ the distant planet.
A) which doubles to 12 the number of satellites now known as orbiting
B) doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known to orbit
C) which doubles to 12 the number of satellites now known in orbit around
D) doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known as orbiting
E) which doubles to 12 the number of satellites now known that orbit
Ans：B（ACE, which 指誰?moon or Uranus；Know as 是錯的; known to 是對的片語）
* rate + for
題（OV SC76）
Ans：A
B- not so much their ... as much as that 不平行
C- not so much ... as much as that 不平行
D- not so much ... so much as that 不平行；同時多了一個is
E- to meet 的主詞是dogs，句意錯（主詞應是dogs are being bred）
*Unlike ___
= In contrast to ___ ........(O)
= In comparison with ★, ☆ + V
Unlike = Contrary to = As opposed to （除unlike外，其餘兩者不需硬梆梆比）
題（OG11 SC16）
_____, the yellow jaclet can sting repeatedly without dying.
A) As contrasted with the honeybee
B) In contrast to the honeybee's
C) Unlike the sting of the honeybee
D) Unlike that of the honeybee
E) Unlike the honeybee
Ans: E
- compare ★ with ☆（★☆同類）
- compare ★ to ☆（★☆不同類）
= liken ★ to ☆ ex Someone likened his voice to the hum of bees.
- A is compared with B 用被動！ex A ratio in 1997 is compared with a ratio in 1998.
除了「我」叫你去比較 ex Compare this with that, and you will see which is better.
*比較要將自身除外, 常用 any other. 但若已限定住，則不加。
- any other + 單數N.
- all the other + 複數N.
* more
- ★ more than ☆,
題（GWD Q7 ）
A recent review of pay scales indicates _____ in 1980.
A) that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times
B) that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times
C) that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
D) CEO’s who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
E) CEO’s now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times
Ans: C（indicate that → 刪DE; (A) pay跟blue-collar比，比較錯誤; ratio不會自己量好，是人去量出ratio，所以動詞是被動）
-
more than.....(O)
題（OG11 SC2）
Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, _____ the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.
A) maybe none is more concentrated as
E) perhaps none was more concentrated than
Ans: E
- more ___ (NEW) ___ than not (省略OLD)
- more often than not 多半
- ★ no more ___ than ☆ ex You are no more honest than he (is honest).
= ★ not ___ any more than ☆. ★和☆一樣不 ~ .
- ★ not more ___ than ☆
= ★ not ___ as ☆. ★不比☆ ___ .
- 若★☆為N，則用more of ★ ex He is more of a scholar than a poet.
* 至少比較大
- as large as or larger than
- at least as large as
題（PP SC6）
In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, _____ other stars.
A. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle
B. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circling
C. most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling
Ans：C（AB - as large or larger than 少了一個 as）
Ans：C（AB - as large or larger than 少了一個 as）
* less 可以作定量詞 +of+N （N：限定接單數名詞或不可數名詞）
也就是 less of 的 less 是當名詞用！
less of a commitment
= a smaller commitment 所以這兩種用法都是一樣的！
雖然說平時當形容詞用時
- less, little, much 接不可數名詞
- many, fewer 接可數名詞
- lessen (v) (=reduce) to become smaller in size, importance, or value, or make something do this
簡單說就是和 less 意思不同
題（PP T2 Q25）
There is a widespread belief in the United States and Western Europe that young people have a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and that the source of the change lies in the collapse of the "work ethic."
(A) a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(B) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents
(C) a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their parents and grandparents
(D) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents had
(E) a lessening of the commitment to work and a career that their parents and grandparents had
Ans：D
(D)中使用 had 表示過去時間，句意是：
「現在」young people have less of a commitment to work and a career 和
「過去」their parents and grandparents had have less of a commitment to work and a career 相比
(E) Lessening 是分詞作形容詞用，和 less 意思不同，改變句意
*The 比較級 + S + V, the 比較級 + S + V.
句意清楚時可省S＆V ex The higher, the colder.
*whereas = while（前後句子之結構要求並列相對）
數字
* number of 特定數量
numbers of 許多群眾、一大群人 ex Numbers of people came to the hearing.
題（OV SC5）
A study states that ____ in the past decades.
B) numbers of women employed outside the home grew more than 35%
D) number of women employed outside the home increased more than 35%
Ans: D
* figure
- figure: 0~9
- fugures: 10 以上
- figure for
題（OG11 SC4）
A survey showed that in 1986 there were 20,736 female ministers. alamost 9% of the nation's clergy, _____.
B) twice as many as 1977
C) double what it was in 1977
D) double the figure for 1977
E) a number double that of 1977's
Ans: D（B: as many as in 1977; C: what 指誰? E: that指誰?若指number則wordy）
*
| double twice treble half one-third |
+ | the 所有格 | + | 名詞 |
Her income is double the national average.
They sold the house for treble the amount they paid for it.
I've lived here half my life.
Half the boys are already here
He earns treble my salary.
I am double your age.
題（OG11 SC71）
The camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, _____ the distant planet.
A) which doubles to 12 the number of satellites now known as orbiting
B) doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known to orbit
C) which doubles to 12 the number of satellites now known in orbit around
D) doubling to 12 the number of satellites now known as orbiting
E) which doubles to 12 the number of satellites now known that orbit
Ans：B（ACE, which 指誰?moon or Uranus；
* rate + for
題（OV SC76）
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