作者：Jo Beverley
標題：18-19世紀英國貴族的稱呼
注意：標題特別說明英國，是因為西方貴族的稱謂和禮儀非常複雜。西方貴族過去都是各據一方，沒有統一的法律規定這些禮節，結果就是各個貴族如果實力夠強，往往愛叫什麼就叫什麼。只要有人信服，沒人反對，不合傳統的東西就變成新的傳統了。英國算是特例．因為英國貴族的歷史悠久，沒有中斷，規定嚴密，人數相當，英國文化對世界的影響性，再加上英文在台灣的獨大，造成許多台灣人以為"英國的貴族系統=歐洲貴族系統"．但是這是完全錯誤的．英國貴族系統有許多獨特的地方，例如英國獨有的伯爵、男爵等（本段來源）
The English peerage basically runs according to primogeniture, ie the eldest son gets nearly everything. If a peer has no eldest son, the title and possessions that belong to it go to the next male heir, probably a brother or nephew.
英國的貴族階級基本上是由長子繼承的，也就是長子可以拿到幾乎所有的東西。如果那個貴族沒有長子，那他貴族的頭銜和財產會傳承給下一個男性繼承人，通常是兄弟或者外甥。
There are a very few titles that can pass to a female if there is no direct heir, but they will revert to the male line when the lady bears a son. (Such as the monarchy.) Some titles can automatically pass through a female heir (when there is no male heir) and most can be revived by subsequent generations by petitioning to the Crown. But that's getting into more complicated areas. If your plot depends on something unusual, please do research it thoroughly before going ahead.
只有非常少的情況，當沒有繼承人的時候，貴族的頭銜會移轉給女性，而且當這位女性一懷了兒子之後，貴族的頭銜就會被歸還。總之，這情況非常的複雜，如果你寫的小說的情節有如此不尋常的事情，請先好好的研究再往下寫。
The eldest son is called the heir apparent, since he is clearly the heir. If there is no such son, the next in line is called the heir presumptive since, no matter how unlikely (the duke is actually an ancient Benedictine Monk on his death bed) the possibility of a closer heir being created is still there. Thus an heir presumptive does not hold an heir's title, if any. (See below about heir's titles.)
很明顯的，長子又被稱為繼承人。 如果沒有長子，下一個可能就是假定繼承人。
If a peer dies leaving a wife but no son, the heir inherits unless the widow says she might be with child. It is for her to do that. If she stays silent, it is assumed that she is not. If she's pregnant, everything waits until the child is born.
An heir must be legitimate at birth to inherit a title, though that could mean a marriage ceremony performed while the mother is in labor. A peer may raise bastards with devotion and/or marry the mother later, but a bastard child can never be his legal heir.
The English peerage basically runs according to primogeniture, ie the eldest son gets nearly everything. If a peer has no eldest son, the title and possessions that belong to it go to the next male heir, probably a brother or nephew.
英國的貴族階級基本上是由長子繼承的，也就是長子可以拿到幾乎所有的東西。如果那個貴族沒有長子，那他貴族的頭銜和財產會傳承給下一個男性繼承人，通常是兄弟或者外甥。
There are a very few titles that can pass to a female if there is no direct heir, but they will revert to the male line when the lady bears a son. (Such as the monarchy.) Some titles can automatically pass through a female heir (when there is no male heir) and most can be revived by subsequent generations by petitioning to the Crown. But that's getting into more complicated areas. If your plot depends on something unusual, please do research it thoroughly before going ahead.
只有非常少的情況，當沒有繼承人的時候，貴族的頭銜會移轉給女性，而且當這位女性一懷了兒子之後，貴族的頭銜就會被歸還。總之，這情況非常的複雜，如果你寫的小說的情節有如此不尋常的事情，請先好好的研究再往下寫。
The eldest son is called the heir apparent, since he is clearly the heir. If there is no such son, the next in line is called the heir presumptive since, no matter how unlikely (the duke is actually an ancient Benedictine Monk on his death bed) the possibility of a closer heir being created is still there. Thus an heir presumptive does not hold an heir's title, if any. (See below about heir's titles.)
很明顯的，長子又被稱為繼承人。 如果沒有長子，下一個可能就是假定繼承人。
If a peer dies leaving a wife but no son, the heir inherits unless the widow says she might be with child. It is for her to do that. If she stays silent, it is assumed that she is not. If she's pregnant, everything waits until the child is born.
An heir must be legitimate at birth to inherit a title, though that could mean a marriage ceremony performed while the mother is in labor. A peer may raise bastards with devotion and/or marry the mother later, but a bastard child can never be his legal heir.
Peers automatically had seats in the House of Lords. Note, however, that courtesy titles (those held by heirs) do not give seats, or any of the other privileges of the peerage.
貴族自動會在上議院擁有席次。但是，只有頭銜的貴族（有名無實）無法擁有席次，也無法擁有貴族的特權。
* Courtesy titles 次高頭銜
Most peers do not use their surnames as their title. Thus, the usual pattern would be something like Sebastian Burgoyne, Earl of Malzard. He is Lord Malzard never Lord Burgoyne. (Or, for that matter, Lord Sebastian.) As an author, you might like variety, but take as a general rule is that no one ever had two forms of address.
大部分的貴族並不把自己的姓氏用在他們的頭銜裡面。一般的規則是像這樣：賽巴斯汀(名)伯戈音(姓)，莫爾扎(封地) 伯爵。他是莫爾扎大人/ 閣下 （Lord Malzard），或者頂多被稱為賽巴斯汀大人，他絕對不會被稱為伯戈音大人。身為一位作者，或許你會喜歡讓角色有不同的稱呼來讓文章有點變化，但有一個基本的規則要知道 －－ 一個人不會有兩種不同的稱呼方式。
國王/ 女王 King/ Queen
稱呼：Your Majesty 翻譯：國王陛下
王子(親王) / 公主 Prince/ Princess
稱呼：Your Highness 翻譯：王子殿下/ 公主殿下
王子(親王) / 公主 Prince/ Princess
稱呼：Your Highness 翻譯：王子殿下/ 公主殿下
Prince 親王或王子。通常只表示「君主之子」（或女君主之夫）之意，而非具體的爵位。
國王長女稱Princess Royal，即「大公主」
* 英國的王子稱為威爾斯親王/ 威爾斯王子
貴族階級
* 注意中文翻譯
國王長女稱Princess Royal，即「大公主」
* 英國的王子稱為威爾斯親王/ 威爾斯王子
貴族階級
* 注意中文翻譯
公爵為 Your Grace 中文翻做大人/ 閣下
公爵之子、侯爵、侯爵之子和伯爵統稱 Lord，也翻譯做大人/ 閣下
中文在貴族的階級稱呼翻譯上並沒有區分
A) 公爵 DUKE
His wife is the DUCHESS. They will be duke and duchess of something, eg. Duke and Duchess of Ithorne. Address is "your grace", though familiars may address them as Duke and Duchess eg "Fine weather for shooting, eh, Duke?" or may address the duke by title. "Care for more port, Ithorne?"
公爵和公爵夫人會代表某事物，例如：伊風公爵和公爵夫人。（伊風可能是一塊領地）
稱呼： Your Grace 。翻譯：大人/ 閣下
熟人的話可能會直接稱呼他們為公爵或公爵夫人，像是「公爵，天氣不錯適合打獵，嗯？」
或者用他們的頭銜代表的事物來稱呼「要更關切港口的情勢嗎? 伊風。」
NOTE that the duke will also have a family name, ie. surname (such as Cavendish) but will not use it in the normal course of events. The duchess does not use the surname at all. If Anne Pitt marries the Duke of Stone (whose family name is Cherry), she will be Duchess of Stone and will informally sign herself Anne Stone, not Anne Cherry.
注意：公爵當然也有自己的姓氏，但在一般的場合並不使用。基本上，公爵完全不使用自己的姓氏。如果安妮彼得嫁給史東公爵 (史東公爵姓 Cherry)，他將會是史東公爵夫人，就算是她非正式的簽名，她也會稱呼她自己為安妮史東，而不是安妮 Cherry.
The duke's eldest son is his heir and will have his father's second-best title as his courtesy title. Nearly all peers have a number of titles marking their climb up the ranks. The heir to a duke is often the next lowest ranking peer, a marquess (or marquis -- spelling is optional, but both are pronounced markwess.) The title could, however, be an earldom, or even a viscountcy.
公爵的長子將會繼承他的下一個位階的頭銜（公爵之下為侯爵），大部分的貴族都有一些讓他們可以往上爬的頭銜。不過，有時這個頭銜也會是伯爵或子爵。
Remember, a courtesy title does not give the holder a seat in the House of Lords or other privileges of the peerage.
再次強調，擁有一個貴族頭銜不代表可以擁有上議院的席次或者貴族特權。
If the heir has a son before the heir becomes duke, that son will take the next lowest title as a courtesy title. If the heir dies before his father, his eldest son becomes the heir apparent and takes his father's title.
如果這位繼承人在成為公爵之前，就有了兒子，那這個兒子就會繼承下一階的頭銜，例如繼承人為侯爵，他的兒子就會是伯爵。如果繼承人（侯爵）不幸比他的爸爸（公爵）還早過世，那這他的長子（伯爵）將能繼承他父親的頭銜（侯爵）。
Apart from the heir, a duke's sons are given the courtesy title Lord with their Christian name, eg. Lord Richard Somerset. Lord Peter Wimsey. They are never Lord Somerset or Lord Wimsey.
先不提繼承人，公爵的兒子都能得到大人（Lord）的頭銜再加上他們的姓名，例如 Richard Somerset 大人。注意喔，剛剛用的是全名，他是絕對不會被稱為 Somerset (姓) 大人的。
All duke's daughters are given the courtesy title Lady, first name, surname eg. Lady Mary Clarendon. (Never Lady Clarendon.) If they marry a commoner, they retain the title. If Lady Mary marries Mr. Sticklethwait, she becomes Lady Mary Sticklethwait. If she marries a peer, she adopts his title. If Lady Mary marries the Earl of Herrick, she becomes Countess of Herrick, ie. Lady Herrick. If she marries the holder of a courtesy title, then she may use his title or her birth title as she wishes.
公爵女兒的頭銜為女士（Lady）+ 名 + 姓。例如 Mary Clarendon 女士（再次強調，不會單獨使用家族姓，因此絕對不會是 Clarendon 女士）。如果這位女兒嫁給普通人，她可以繼續保留女士這個頭銜，但如果她嫁給貴族，她就會採用那位貴族的頭銜。例如 Mary 女士嫁給了 Herrick 伯爵，那她就會變成 Herrick 伯爵夫人或 Herrick 女士。
I'm hammering this home, but it's the most common error in novels. In all cases, the titles Lord or Lady "first name" "surname" (eg Lady Anne Middleton) and Lord or Lady "last name" or "title" (Lady Middleton) are exclusive. No one can be both at the same time. Moreover, Lord or Lady "first name" is a title conferred at birth. It cannot be gained later in life except when the father accedes to a title and thus raises his family.
再一次強調，許多小說最常犯的錯誤就是一個人用了兩種不同的頭銜。當一個人用了：Lord/ Lady + 名 + 姓（例如 Anne Middleton女士）那其他稱呼的方式就必須被排除掉（例如 Middleton女士），因為這樣就代表了那個人擁有兩個不同的頭銜。除此之外，Lord/ Lady 的 "名" 是出生時就和頭銜一起被確認的，他不能在長大之後才獲得，除非他長大時父親才得到爵位，提升了他整個家族的地位。
*前面提到了英國國王的長子被稱為威爾斯王子
而約克公爵 (Duke of York) 則通常被授給英國的國王的第二個兒子
約克是在英國北部的主要城鎮，而且約克郡是英國的最大的郡。
B) 侯爵 MARQUESS (又可被拼成 marquis 或 marquess，但發音都一樣 "markwess")
He will be Marquess of something, eg Marquess of Rothgar. His wife is the MARCHIONESS. (Pronounced "marshuness".) He is the Marquess of Rothgar, or Lord Rothgar, or Rothgar to his familiars, and his wife is the Marchioness of Rothgar or Lady Rothgar. She will sign herself "firstname" "title" eg. Diana Rothgar.
他會是侯爵 of 某事物，例如 Rothgar 侯爵，或者 Rothgar 大人(Lord)，如果是和他比較熟的人，可能會直接稱他為侯爵。
稱呼：My Lord 或 Your Lordship → 侯爵和侯爵以下的貴族都這樣稱呼
His heir apparent takes his next highest title as a courtesy title. All other sons have the title Lord "firstname" "surname". All daughters have the title Lady "firstname" "surname". Details are as for duke.
公爵之子、侯爵、侯爵之子和伯爵統稱 Lord，也翻譯做大人/ 閣下
中文在貴族的階級稱呼翻譯上並沒有區分
A) 公爵 DUKE
His wife is the DUCHESS. They will be duke and duchess of something, eg. Duke and Duchess of Ithorne. Address is "your grace", though familiars may address them as Duke and Duchess eg "Fine weather for shooting, eh, Duke?" or may address the duke by title. "Care for more port, Ithorne?"
公爵和公爵夫人會代表某事物，例如：伊風公爵和公爵夫人。（伊風可能是一塊領地）
稱呼： Your Grace 。翻譯：大人/ 閣下
熟人的話可能會直接稱呼他們為公爵或公爵夫人，像是「公爵，天氣不錯適合打獵，嗯？」
或者用他們的頭銜代表的事物來稱呼「要更關切港口的情勢嗎? 伊風。」
NOTE that the duke will also have a family name, ie. surname (such as Cavendish) but will not use it in the normal course of events. The duchess does not use the surname at all. If Anne Pitt marries the Duke of Stone (whose family name is Cherry), she will be Duchess of Stone and will informally sign herself Anne Stone, not Anne Cherry.
注意：公爵當然也有自己的姓氏，但在一般的場合並不使用。基本上，公爵完全不使用自己的姓氏。如果安妮彼得嫁給史東公爵 (史東公爵姓 Cherry)，他將會是史東公爵夫人，就算是她非正式的簽名，她也會稱呼她自己為安妮史東，而不是安妮 Cherry.
The duke's eldest son is his heir and will have his father's second-best title as his courtesy title. Nearly all peers have a number of titles marking their climb up the ranks. The heir to a duke is often the next lowest ranking peer, a marquess (or marquis -- spelling is optional, but both are pronounced markwess.) The title could, however, be an earldom, or even a viscountcy.
公爵的長子將會繼承他的下一個位階的頭銜（公爵之下為侯爵），大部分的貴族都有一些讓他們可以往上爬的頭銜。不過，有時這個頭銜也會是伯爵或子爵。
Remember, a courtesy title does not give the holder a seat in the House of Lords or other privileges of the peerage.
再次強調，擁有一個貴族頭銜不代表可以擁有上議院的席次或者貴族特權。
If the heir has a son before the heir becomes duke, that son will take the next lowest title as a courtesy title. If the heir dies before his father, his eldest son becomes the heir apparent and takes his father's title.
如果這位繼承人在成為公爵之前，就有了兒子，那這個兒子就會繼承下一階的頭銜，例如繼承人為侯爵，他的兒子就會是伯爵。如果繼承人（侯爵）不幸比他的爸爸（公爵）還早過世，那這他的長子（伯爵）將能繼承他父親的頭銜（侯爵）。
Apart from the heir, a duke's sons are given the courtesy title Lord with their Christian name, eg. Lord Richard Somerset. Lord Peter Wimsey. They are never Lord Somerset or Lord Wimsey.
先不提繼承人，公爵的兒子都能得到大人（Lord）的頭銜再加上他們的姓名，例如 Richard Somerset 大人。注意喔，剛剛用的是全名，他是絕對不會被稱為 Somerset (姓) 大人的。
All duke's daughters are given the courtesy title Lady, first name, surname eg. Lady Mary Clarendon. (Never Lady Clarendon.) If they marry a commoner, they retain the title. If Lady Mary marries Mr. Sticklethwait, she becomes Lady Mary Sticklethwait. If she marries a peer, she adopts his title. If Lady Mary marries the Earl of Herrick, she becomes Countess of Herrick, ie. Lady Herrick. If she marries the holder of a courtesy title, then she may use his title or her birth title as she wishes.
公爵女兒的頭銜為女士（Lady）+ 名 + 姓。例如 Mary Clarendon 女士（再次強調，不會單獨使用家族姓，因此絕對不會是 Clarendon 女士）。如果這位女兒嫁給普通人，她可以繼續保留女士這個頭銜，但如果她嫁給貴族，她就會採用那位貴族的頭銜。例如 Mary 女士嫁給了 Herrick 伯爵，那她就會變成 Herrick 伯爵夫人或 Herrick 女士。
I'm hammering this home, but it's the most common error in novels. In all cases, the titles Lord or Lady "first name" "surname" (eg Lady Anne Middleton) and Lord or Lady "last name" or "title" (Lady Middleton) are exclusive. No one can be both at the same time. Moreover, Lord or Lady "first name" is a title conferred at birth. It cannot be gained later in life except when the father accedes to a title and thus raises his family.
再一次強調，許多小說最常犯的錯誤就是一個人用了兩種不同的頭銜。當一個人用了：Lord/ Lady + 名 + 姓（例如 Anne Middleton女士）那其他稱呼的方式就必須被排除掉（例如 Middleton女士），因為這樣就代表了那個人擁有兩個不同的頭銜。除此之外，Lord/ Lady 的 "名" 是出生時就和頭銜一起被確認的，他不能在長大之後才獲得，除非他長大時父親才得到爵位，提升了他整個家族的地位。
*前面提到了英國國王的長子被稱為威爾斯王子
而約克公爵 (Duke of York) 則通常被授給英國的國王的第二個兒子
約克是在英國北部的主要城鎮，而且約克郡是英國的最大的郡。
B) 侯爵 MARQUESS (又可被拼成 marquis 或 marquess，但發音都一樣 "markwess")
He will be Marquess of something, eg Marquess of Rothgar. His wife is the MARCHIONESS. (Pronounced "marshuness".) He is the Marquess of Rothgar, or Lord Rothgar, or Rothgar to his familiars, and his wife is the Marchioness of Rothgar or Lady Rothgar. She will sign herself "firstname" "title" eg. Diana Rothgar.
他會是侯爵 of 某事物，例如 Rothgar 侯爵，或者 Rothgar 大人(Lord)，如果是和他比較熟的人，可能會直接稱他為侯爵。
稱呼：My Lord 或 Your Lordship → 侯爵和侯爵以下的貴族都這樣稱呼
His heir apparent takes his next highest title as a courtesy title. All other sons have the title Lord "firstname" "surname". All daughters have the title Lady "firstname" "surname". Details are as for duke.
其他細節都和公爵雷同。
剩下貴族階級們：
C) Earl and countess 伯爵和女伯爵
D) Vicount and viscountess 子爵和女子爵
E) Baron and baroness 男爵和女爵
F) Baronet and lady 從男爵
G) Knight 騎士通常和 Baronet 一樣，這是最低的爵位, 一般只有尊稱 Sir XXX 或 Lady OOO
--
其他參考資料：
剩下貴族階級們：
C) Earl and countess 伯爵和女伯爵
D) Vicount and viscountess 子爵和女子爵
E) Baron and baroness 男爵和女爵
F) Baronet and lady 從男爵
G) Knight 騎士通常和 Baronet 一樣，這是最低的爵位, 一般只有尊稱 Sir XXX 或 Lady OOO
--
其他參考資料：
- 發現有人和我翻譯了一樣的文章XD
- 搞得清楚 公爵, 男爵, 子爵.........嗎 ?
- 維基百科 - 探討英國貴族命名的中文翻譯
- 維基百科 - Forms of address in the United Kingdom
- What is the title of a King's nephew?
- What would you call the nephew of the Queen?
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